Category: Uncategorized

The formal trade deficit dropped to $226.75 million in May, reflecting a 2.32% decrease from April 2025 and an even more substantial 18.42% decline compared to the same period last year. The reduction was primarily driven by a strong rebound in domestic exports and moderated import growth.

Rwanda’s total exports rose to $177.31 million, up 19.39% from April. Domestic exports, mainly goods produced within Rwanda, reached $127.81 million, marking a monthly increase of 21.24%, although still 39.58% lower than in May 2024.

The export rebound was largely driven by traditional mainstays, particularly tea, coffee, and fresh produce such as avocados, which generated US$31.98 million, representing a 12.64% increase from April and a 40.38% rise year-on-year.

Exports of animal and vegetable oils soared to $8.79 million, up 20.70% from April and a remarkable 358.48% compared to the same month last year. Beverages and tobacco, though modest in absolute value at $0.93 million, recorded a dramatic surge in annual growth rate of over 12,700%.

Machinery and transport equipment also contributed to the rebound with a 192.34% increase compared to May 2024, despite showing a monthly decline.

Meanwhile, re-exports rose to $49.51 million, representing a 14.87% increase from April, although this remained 16.25% below the level registered in May 2024. Re-exports continued to be driven by regional demand, particularly from the Democratic Republic of Congo.

On the import side, Rwanda imported goods worth $404.06 million in May, a 6.15% increase from April. Despite the monthly uptick, this figure reflects a 26.35% decline compared to May 2024.

Imports were largely composed of mineral fuels and lubricants, valued at $60.48 million, which rose by 16.12% month-on-month. Machinery and transport equipment followed, amounting to $83.22 million, an increase of 12.66% from the previous month. Food and live animals, which cost $75.76 million, saw a modest year-on-year increase of 4.14%.

A striking development in May was the sharp rise in imports from Saudi Arabia, which surged by over 1,026% year-on-year, indicating a spike in petroleum or fuel-related imports. This import surge placed Saudi Arabia among Rwanda’s top import sources for the month.

In terms of trade partnerships, the United Arab Emirates remained Rwanda’s largest export destination, purchasing goods worth $44.68 million. The Democratic Republic of Congo followed with $22.31 million in imports from Rwanda, while China was third at $14.07 million.

On the import side, China led the way with $96.88 million in goods sold to Rwanda. Tanzania followed with $47.09 million, while India contributed $35.97 million. Imports from Kenya also saw a recovery, rising to $32.87 million after a significant slump earlier in the year.

Most of Rwanda’s trade was conducted via land routes, with land transport accounting for $357.25 million in imports and $84.60 million in domestic exports. However, air transport also saw increased activity, with $46.81 million in imports and $43.21 million in exports handled through airports, highlighting a growing reliance on air freight for high-value or time-sensitive goods.

Workers sort coffee for export at Kigali Special Economic Zone.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

Healey said on social media platform X that at the Ukraine Defence Contact Group (UDCG) meeting held on Monday, participating countries reached a new agreement to supply critical air defence ammunition to Ukraine, “as part of a 50-day drive to arm Ukraine and force Putin to the negotiating table.”

Last week, Trump said that he had secured an agreement with NATO allies to facilitate large-scale arms deliveries to Ukraine. He also warned Russia that it would face a second round of tariffs if it fails to reach a peace deal within 50 days.

At the UDCG meeting, Healey affirmed Britain’s support, saying that Britain “backs this policy” and will fully participate to ensure its success, according to French news outlet AFP.

Healey also revealed that Britain and Germany have agreed to jointly provide air defence missiles to Ukraine. The partnership is part of a wider European initiative aimed at strengthening Ukraine’s defensive capabilities.

According to a press release from the British Ministry of Defence on Monday, Britain has already delivered more than 150 million pounds (202.5 million U.S. dollars) worth of air defence missiles and artillery to Ukraine over the past two months. The country is also ramping up procurement efforts to provide hundreds more air defence missiles and thousands of artillery shells.

In total, Britain is expected to spend at least 700 million pounds on air defence and artillery support for Ukraine this year, including the 150 million pounds worth of equipment already delivered, according to the release. (1 pound = 1.35 U.S. dollars)

Xinhua

The ceremony marked the graduation of OSO’s 4th cohort of fashion design students and the 2nd cohort specialising in soap and detergent production.

Most of the beneficiaries are girls and young women from vulnerable backgrounds, including school dropouts, teenage mothers, orphans, and those living with disabilities.

Founded in 2019, OSO offers year-long training that equips participants with hands-on entrepreneurial skills in fashion, agribusiness, and manufacturing. The organisation also provides post-graduation support, including business startup capital and mentorship.

'We take them in for a full year, train them, and help them build income-generating projects when they return to their communities,' said Delphine Uwamahoro, OSO’s founder and executive director. 'They become self-reliant, creative, and financially empowered.'

This year’s graduates bring the total number of OSO alumni to over 400, with 80 percent of previous participants having launched their own ventures.

Each of the new graduates received a Frw 200,000 startup grant, while the top three business plans were awarded an additional Frw 500,000.

The initiative has attracted growing support from development partners, and the latest milestone drew government officials and donors alike. Northern Province Governor Maurice Mugabowagahunde praised the graduates for taking steps toward transforming their lives and communities.

'These projects are not to be shelved—they must now become reality,' the governor said. 'We expect you to be change agents who will help eradicate poverty and promote inclusive development.'

Gakenke District Mayor Mukandayisenga Vestine reminded the graduates of government funding opportunities, urging them to apply for youth-targeted financing schemes.

'The country has resources. What matters now is your commitment to create jobs and solve problems,' she said.

Alongside the graduation, OSO officially opened a new dormitory with capacity for 87 students. Built in collaboration with the U.S.-based GO Campaign, the facility positions OSO to begin hosting learners from across East Africa and operate as a regional boarding school.

'Our vision is not limited to Rwanda,' said Uwamahoro. 'We want to welcome girls from Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania—because poverty and gender-based violence don’t stop at the border. Neither should opportunity.'

Key supporters present at the event included representatives from GO Campaign, Segal Family Foundation, Lemonaid ChariTea Foundation, Kvinna Till Kvinna, and World Connect.

OSO’s model targets girls and women aged 13 to 25, especially those from rural areas or facing extreme hardship. As it expands, the organisation hopes to become one of Africa’s leading incubators of female-led entrepreneurship and grassroots job creation.

The ceremony marked the graduation of OSO’s 4th cohort of fashion design students and the 2nd cohort specialising in soap and detergent production.

This year’s graduates bring the total number of OSO alumni to over 400, with 80 percent of previous participants having launched their own ventures.

Most of the beneficiaries are girls and young women from vulnerable backgrounds, including school dropouts, teenage mothers, orphans, and those living with disabilities.

Each of the new graduates received a Frw 200,000 startup grant, while the top three business plans were awarded an additional Frw 500,000.

Delphine Uwamahoro, OSO’s founder, said the program trains young women for a year to help them launch income-generating projects and become self-reliant.

Northern Province Governor Maurice Mugabowagahunde praised the graduates for taking steps toward transforming their lives and communities.

Gakenke District Mayor Mukandayisenga Vestine reminded the graduates of government funding opportunities, urging them to apply for youth-targeted financing schemes.

A traditional dance group entertained guests and graduates during the ceremony, adding a festive atmosphere to the celebration.

IGIHE

The decision, announced in a public notice issued on July 21, follows an investigation that found the hotel operating without a valid Tourism Operating License (TOL), a legal requirement under Rwanda’s tourism law.

According to RDB, the hotel is required to cease operations effective July 22, 2025.

'Reopening will only be considered upon successful completion of the Tourism Operating License application process and full compliance with applicable regulatory requirements,' the notice states.

Warning other facilities against violating existing laws, RDB stated: 'All tourism and hospitality operators are reminded that holding a valid Tourism Operating License is a legal obligation. The license serves as a guarantee of minimum safety, service, and operational standards necessary to protect both visitors and the industry at large.'

Hotel Chateau Le Marara’s closure comes amid growing controversy following the high-profile wedding of Hajj Shadadi Musemakweri and Uwera Bonnette on July 14, which sparked guest complaints about poor service, unhygienic food, and power outages.

Among the guests was Miss Rwanda 2020, Nishimwe Naomie, who joined others in raising concerns on social media. The event has since drawn national attention and raised questions about service standards at the five-star, European-style hotel located on the shores of Lake Kivu.

Guests reported being served spoiled milk and fruit, facing constant power disruptions, and experiencing neglect by hotel staff. The guests alleged that they had to rent an emergency generator to continue wedding preparations. Others accused the hotel of overcharging, including for attendees at events that were allegedly not part of the original agreement.

Chateau Le Marara has denied the allegations, calling them '99% lies' intended to damage its reputation. The hotel has instead filed a complaint with the Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB), accusing the couple behind the wedding of defamation and non-payment of over Frw 5 million in outstanding bills.

In response to the growing uproar, RDB confirmed it had launched a formal investigation into the service complaints. RDB CEO Jean-Guy Afrika said the board is reviewing the matter thoroughly as part of its mandate to ensure professionalism and consumer protection in the tourism sector.

The Rwanda Development Board (RDB) has ordered the temporary closure of Hotel Chateau Le Marara in Karongi District, citing failure to comply with national tourism regulations.

Hotel Chateau Le Marara’s closure comes amid growing controversy following the high-profile wedding of Hajj Shadadi Musemakweri and Uwera Bonnette on July 14, which sparked guest complaints about poor service, unhygienic food, and power outages.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

This decision was one of the key resolutions made during an International Scientific Symposium held on July 19, 2025, which brought together members of RMC and the Muhammad VI Foundation. The summit explored how Islamic moral values can serve as powerful tools in promoting peace and harmony across Africa.

Speaking at the event, Mufti of Rwanda, Sheikh Sindayigaya Mussa, emphasized the importance of living out Islamic principles beyond religious spaces.

'Islamic values shouldn’t just remain within religious gatherings. We must embody them in our everyday lives, in how we treat one another, and how we engage with society,' he said.

He noted that values like respect, peace, and justice not only reflect faith but also shape responsible and compassionate citizens.

Also addressing the gathering, Deputy Speaker of Rwanda’s Chamber of Deputies, Sheikh Musa Fazil Harerimana, praised Rwanda’s post-genocide recovery journey as a model of resilience and reconciliation.

'The efforts made after the genocide—through forgiveness, Gacaca courts, and government-led unity programs—have transformed Rwanda. Other nations can learn from our story,' he stated.

He further called for the documentation of humanitarian acts carried out by Muslim families and others during the genocide, noting they could serve as inspirational case studies for future generations.

Sheikhat Sauda Niyirora, who leads Muslim women in Rwanda, reflected on how Islam was once misrepresented in public discourse.

'Islam used to be misunderstood and unfairly judged. But thanks to Rwanda’s leadership, today every Rwandan enjoys equal rights. We must now prove through our actions who we truly are.'

The planned research center will be built in Rwanda in collaboration with the Muhammad VI Foundation, which has pledged funding to support its academic and cultural activities.

This initiative marks a significant step in preserving Rwanda’s complex past while using faith-based values to build a peaceful, united future.

Mufti of Rwanda, Sheikh Sindayigaya Mussa, emphasized the importance of living out Islamic principles beyond religious spaces.

Deputy Speaker of Rwanda’s Chamber of Deputies, Sheikh Musa Fazil Harerimana, praised Rwanda’s post-genocide recovery journey as a model of resilience and reconciliation.

The International Scientific Symposium was held on July 19, 2025.

IGIHE

The arrest took place on Sunday, July 20, 2025, following reports that Burikantu had locked up a group of girls who had gone to his home in Kinyinya to discuss potential collaborations on social media content creation.

Sources told IGIHE that the incident began when Burikantu allegedly invited one of the girls into a separate room to discuss how he could support her online presence. When she declined, he reportedly got upset and locked the group inside his house. He then demanded they pay him back for the transport fare and sodas he had provided before he would allow them to leave.

The situation escalated when the girls couldn’t meet his demands. After one left, the others contacted the police for help. Officers from Rwanda National Police responded promptly and freed them, leading to Burikantu’s arrest shortly after.

RIB spokesperson Dr. Thierry B. Murangira confirmed the incident took place in Kinyinya Sector, Murama Cell, Binunga Village, where the influencer resides.

Burikantu is now being held at the RIB Kinyinya station as investigations continue. His case file is being prepared for submission to the Prosecution in accordance with the law.

The offence he is being investigated for is punishable under Article 151 of Rwanda’s penal code, which addresses unlawful confinement. If convicted, he could face between five to seven years in prison.

Speaking on the matter, Dr. Murangira said: 'RIB reminds the public that no one has the right to take advantage of others or hold them against their will. Such actions are illegal and will not be tolerated.'

Popular social media personality Burikantu, whose real name is Mwitende Abdoulkarim, has been arrested by officers from the Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB) over allegations of unlawfully detaining young women at his home in Gasabo District.

IGIHE

Behind the veil of this new peace declaration, which some have heralded as a significant step toward easing the crisis in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, lies a more nuanced—and indeed troubling—reality.

In a hasty and triumphalist display of communication, the Congolese government, through its spokesperson, Minister of Communication Patrick Muyaya, has offered a highly skewed interpretation of the document, attributing to it provisions and commitments that are neither stated nor reasonably implied.

In statements made shortly after the signing, Muyaya declared that the declaration upheld Kinshasa’s 'red lines,' particularly the unconditional withdrawal of M23 rebels from occupied areas and the restoration of state institutions in those territories. However, this interpretation starkly misrepresents the actual content of the agreement.

The declaration contains no explicit reference to rebel withdrawal, nor does it outline any enforcement mechanism or timeline for such action. M23 leaders themselves have contested Muyaya’s characterisation, asserting that the agreement merely initiates a process to build up state presence—not a mandate for immediate rebel disengagement.

By portraying the declaration as a diplomatic victory, Kinshasa not only disregards the strategic caution such circumstances demand but also betrays the very essence of the agreement.

The text’s deliberate ambiguity called for measured restraint, not triumphalism. Thus emerges a growing risk: that this long-awaited peace, instead of being nurtured and sustained, may be compromised from the outset, undermined by a state communication machinery disconnected from reality, conflating political aspirations with legal stipulations.

Peace initiatives for the eastern DRC have come and gone—postponed promises, endlessly renewed and nearly always broken. This latest diplomatic text, whose legal weight remains largely symbolic, stipulates a 'permanent ceasefire' and prohibits 'any attacks of any kind as well as any attempts to alter the situation on the ground by force.'

In effect, this amounts to the freezing of the current military status quo, thereby tacitly legitimising the prolonged occupation of vast swathes of national territory by rebel forces.

Troubling silences and grey zones

While the ceasefire enshrines the current frontlines, the essentials remain shrouded in ambiguity: no mention is made of the rebels’ disarmament, their cantonment, or the return of displaced civilians. More worrisome still, the declaration contains no enforcement clauses. No body is designated to monitor compliance, and no sanctions are outlined for potential violations.

In a regional context scarred by the repeated erosion of peace efforts, the adoption of this new declaration—though non-binding in form—nonetheless deserves recognition for what it symbolises: a renewed willingness on all sides to break with cycles of antagonism and progressively rebuild the foundations of peaceful coexistence.

The document, the product of a mediation process sustained by the unwavering commitment of external partners, reflects a mutual pledge to abandon violence as a means of conflict resolution and to embrace dialogue as a shared horizon. While the legal guarantees remain to be solidified, the symbolic weight of the accord is no less significant. It rekindles hope in the war-ravaged provinces of North and South Kivu, where exhausted populations await with longing the end of hostilities and the return of legitimate civil order.

In this regard, the declaration is not a final achievement but a foundational milestone—one that signals a new momentum, where diplomacy is no longer an escape route but a tangible promise of restored peace and sovereignty.

A dangerous drift

Against this backdrop, the statements made by Minister Muyaya are especially troubling. By presenting the agreement as a victory for Kinshasa’s 'red line'—namely, the unconditional withdrawal of AFC/M23 forces from occupied areas—the minister engages in blatant misinformation, misrepresenting the actual content of the signed declaration.

In reality, the text contains no such provision, nor does it define any concrete modalities for withdrawal or reintegration. The government’s jubilant rhetoric stands in stark contradiction with the legal substance of the document. This gap between official discourse and factual reality constitutes a serious breach of the rigour required in statecraft.

Such manipulation of the narrative, far from reinforcing Kinshasa’s diplomatic position, instead weakens its credibility and further exposes the nation to strategic delusion and moral disarmament.

By portraying the Doha Declaration as a diplomatic victory, DRC government spokesperson Patrick Muyaya not only disregards the strategic caution such circumstances demand but also misrepresents the very essence of the agreement.

Tite Gatabazi

My cousin passed away. She was a mother of five. Using the past tense on her feels unreal. Her absence is loud and unfair in a way that makes words feel useless.

For days, time seemed to collapse in on itself. I stopped knowing what day it was. What I was supposed to do. What was needed, and where to get it from? For a wedding, you know what to do or who to consult when it comes to the worst, and the days are on your side, but in this case, what do you do?

And while I’m still floating through it, here’s what I’ve learned and what I wish more people knew about grief:

1. Not everyone who loves you will know how to show up for you

I used to think that when something tragic happened, the people who love you would automatically know how to support you. But the truth is, they don’t. Some disappeared. Some sent vague texts. Others asked if I needed anything, and I just stared at my screen, wondering, Huh? How do I even begin to answer that?

I learnt that when someone is grieving, don’t ask them what they need. Just do something. Show up. Leave a voice note. Drop off a meal—I’ve noticed I tend to eat my way through grief. Be present. Sometimes, silence speaks louder than words.

2. Grief is not a group project

Even within my own family, we’re all grieving differently. You’d think losing the same person would unite you in the same kind of pain. Nope. Wapi sha!

As much as the five stages of grief—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—make sense in books, in real life, it’s a mess. A complete, confused gatogo. Some cry. Some clean. Some go silent.

We’re not going through them in order, or at the same pace, or in the same way.
That’s not dysfunction. That’s grief and it invites to be felt. Observe and give grace.

3. Some people are for a season, others are for the storm.

There are people I thought would show up, but didn’t. And then there are those I barely expected, who texted me every day, sent memes, or simply sat with me in silence.

I’m learning to let go of the disappointment and hold tight to the ones who stayed, the ones who didn’t need an invitation into my grief. You don’t need a village. You just need a few real ones.

4. Stop saying it’ll get better

It won’t—not in the way I used to think.

We don’t 'move on' from grief. We move with it. Some days it’s loud. Some days it’s quiet. But it’s always there, reshaping the way we see the world.

My cousin’s death left a dent in our family’s fabric—a permanent thread of sorrow, one we’ll weave into everything else from now on.

5. Don’t rush the healing

Grief doesn’t work on deadlines. You don’t wake up 30 days later with clarity and closure. You wake up in pieces, and some days, you gather what you can.

Overall, life goes on, and you don’t have to feel guilty for that. You’ll laugh again. You’ll dance again.

You’ll scroll social media and feel guilty and weird. Do it anyway, live a life worthy Living doesn’t mean forgetting. And pain doesn’t cancel out joy. They can coexist. That’s what makes us human.

6. Grief isn’t a competition

There’s no gold medal for grieving 'better.' Not even a participation trophy. We’re not broken—we’re just human. And that’s enough.

To wrap up, I know it can be hard during these times to hear or read motivational quotes and advice meant to help with the grieving process, but trust me, find your own way of dealing with grief. Find creative ways, energetic ways, therapy, sleep—whatever works for you. Find your way of feeling the pain because grief demands to be felt. You loved, and this is the price of loving them. Make their memories a legacy.

Written in the loving memory of my cousin, Nyirabahizi Florence. Forever our Zungu!

As much as the five stages of grief—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—make sense in books, in real life, it’s a mess. A complete, confused gatogo. Some cry. Some clean. Some go silent.

Josepha Mafubo

The Frw 5 billion Medium-Term Senior Unsecured Bond marks a major milestone not only for AMS but also for Rwanda’s healthcare and capital markets.

The approval paves the way for AMS to offer the bond to the public and subsequently list it on the Rwanda Stock Exchange (RSE), where trading is expected to commence on August 22.

The five-year bond, which carries a fixed annual interest rate of 13.25%, will be issued in a single tranche. It features an amortising structure with semi-annual interest payments and principal repayments starting 18 months after settlement. The bond’s weighted average life is approximately 3.25 years. The minimum subscription is set at Frw 1 million.

Public subscription opens on July 24 and will run until August 7.

Founded in 2008, AMS supplies life-saving medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, laboratory reagents, diagnostic kits, and hospital furniture to over 400 clients, including public and private hospitals, NGOs, United Nations agencies, and government health programs across Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Speaking on the development, Yves Sangano, Chairman of AMS, said the CMA approval is a significant step forward for both the company and the healthcare sector.

'Today marks a pivotal moment not just for AMS, but also for the healthcare sector because access to life-saving medical services remains out of reach for many,' said Sangano.

'Securing approval for the first-ever corporate bond any company in the healthcare sector in the country has issued is a conviction that the sector remains key in Rwanda’s transformation journey.'

According to AMS, proceeds from the bond will be used to refinance USD-denominated debt and support growth plans aimed at increasing the company’s capacity to fulfil contracts and expand into new markets. Frw 3.1 billion will go toward debt refinancing, while Frw 1.9 billion will fund working capital for growth.

Fabrice Shema Ngoga, the company’s Chief Executive Officer and founder, said the bond is not just a financial instrument, but a statement of intent.

'This bond issuance will be a significant financial achievement for AMS, showcasing the strength of our business model and our commitment to responsible growth,' said Ngoga.

'Furthermore, this kind of financing allows us to directly connect with investors who share our vision for a future where every Rwandan has access to affordable healthcare.'

AMS has engaged BK Capital as the financial arranger and sponsoring broker for the issuance. RR Associates & Co. Advocates and BDO Rwanda are serving as legal and accounting advisors, respectively.

In 2024, AMS posted revenues of Frw 18.5 billion, with a net profit of Frw 681 million.

The firm holds a BBB- (RW) long-term rating and an A3 (RW) short-term rating from GCR Ratings, a Moody’s subsidiary.

The company operates across Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with other target regions including Guinea-Conakry and the Central African Republic.

Africa Medical Supplier PLC (AMS) is one of the leading medical products distributor in Rwanda.

A biomedical engineer from Africa Medical Supplier Plc installs an infant radiant warmer at a rural hospital in Eastern Province to support neonatal care.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

The grand festival took place on the night of Sunday, July 20, 2025, and was officially opened by President Denis Sassou N’Guesso of Congo Brazzaville.

This 12th edition, which also marks the 30th anniversary of FESPAM, was held under the theme: 'Music and Its Role in Africa’s Economy in the Digital Age.'

Boukuru’s performance was graced by high-profile guests including Marie-France Lydie Hélène Pongault, Congo’s Minister of Culture; Rwanda’s Ambassador to the Republic of Congo, Amb. Parfait Busabizwa; members of the Rwandan community living in Brazzaville; and hundreds of Congolese music enthusiasts.

As she stepped onto the stage, Boukuru greeted the crowd and proudly declared, 'I am a Rwandan artist and I’m here to share with you the essence of Rwandan creativity.'

Speaking after her performance, Boukuru expressed how meaningful it was to be on such a prestigious platform.

'Representing Rwanda is a great honor,' she said. 'Being in Brazzaville is important for my artistic journey because it allows me to connect with fellow creatives, learn from others, and grow my own expression.'

Beyond her opening-night performance, Boukuru is set to showcase her art at multiple festival venues across different neighborhoods in Brazzaville as part of the ongoing FESPAM schedule.

The opening night attracted over 8,000 attendees and set the tone for a vibrant celebration of African music.

In addition to live performances, the festival includes panel discussions on African music, a heritage exhibition of iconic instruments, and free concerts in venues like Mayanga, Kintélé, and more. The event will also feature the screening of a documentary film about Congolese Rumba, one of Africa’s most celebrated musical genres.

Alongside Boukuru, artists from various countries are expected to perform throughout the festival. FESPAM is organized in partnership with the Government of Congo Brazzaville, the African Union, and UNESCO.

Boukuru delivered a captivating performance featuring a diverse repertoire, earning admiration from the audience for her exceptional talent.

President Denis Sassou N’Guesso of Congo-Brazzaville officially launched FESPAM 2025

This festival has a long-standing legacy.

Boukuru stands out as one of Rwanda’s most talented female artists, widely appreciated by fans of Rwandan music for her exceptional artistry.

IGIHE