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The peace process, which took place at a time of heightened tension, was critical to stabilizing East Africa. Sudan’s government had been accused of supporting the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group waging an insurgency against Uganda.

Meanwhile, Uganda backed the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) in Sudan’s ongoing civil war.

For Sudan, the peace talks were an opportunity to improve its international standing. After being designated a terrorist state by the U.S. in 1993, due to alleged ties to Osama bin Laden and the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, Sudan’s leaders sought to repair their global reputation.

They turned to Jimmy Carter, hoping his influence could help alter U.S. policy toward Sudan.

On the Ugandan side, President Yoweri Museveni faced increasing military and economic pressures. His government was dealing with multiple insurgencies and struggling to meet World Bank demands to reduce military spending.

Museveni saw the peace process as an opportunity to stabilize the region and reallocate resources to other critical conflicts, including the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Carter’s involvement was grounded in years of prior engagement with Sudan. As early as 1995, he had brokered a ceasefire between warring factions in Sudan to allow for humanitarian aid.

His deep understanding of the region’s complexities positioned him as the ideal mediator for the Uganda-Sudan peace talks.

By 1999, both Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and Ugandan President Museveni agreed to invite Carter to mediate the negotiations. Despite the challenges posed by Museveni’s support for the SPLA, Carter believed that improved relations between Sudan and Uganda could create a foundation for broader regional peace.

His strategy involved engaging not just the governments but also armed groups like the SPLA and LRA, aiming to address the root causes of the conflict.

A significant challenge was Joseph Kony, leader of the LRA. Carter’s attempts to bring Kony to the table faltered, and efforts to arrange meetings between Kony and his parents as a trust-building gesture ended in failure.

Nevertheless, Carter’s persistence and diplomacy proved effective. In December 1999, his efforts culminated in the Nairobi Agreement, signed by Bashir and Museveni in the presence of Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi.

The agreement called for both countries to cease support for each other’s rebel groups, improve the treatment of refugees, and restore full diplomatic ties.

Carter’s use of the 'single document approach,' which he had previously applied at Camp David, ensured that both parties felt ownership of the agreement. The success of the Nairobi Agreement was a rare moment of cooperation in a region plagued by mistrust and conflict.

Carter’s work in Sudan and Uganda highlights his lifelong commitment to peace. His ability to bridge divides and foster trust between warring nations left a lasting legacy in East Africa.

He is survived by his four children, 11 grandchildren, and 14 great-grandchildren, and his legacy continues to inspire those who work toward peace and human rights.

The world has paid tribute to Carter, with U.S. President Joe Biden praising him as a leader whose life was measured not by words, but by deeds.

U.S. President Joe Biden has hailed Jimmy Carter as a leader whose life was measured not by words, but by deeds.

Sam K Nkurunziza

The year was marked by several high-profile initiatives, collaborations, and projects aimed at tackling climate challenges and advancing the nation’s goals of reducing emissions, conserving biodiversity, and fostering sustainable urban development.

From groundbreaking climate talks with Germany to cutting-edge waste management projects, Rwanda’s environmental journey in 2024 highlighted both local and global engagement.

This round-up brings together the key milestones, offering a comprehensive view of how the country continued its pursuit of a green, sustainable future.

Rwanda and Germany launch quarterly Kigali climate talks

One of the most significant developments in Rwanda’s environmental sector in 2024 was the launch of the Kigali Climate Talks in May.

This quarterly series, a collaboration between Rwanda and Germany, was inaugurated by Rwanda’s then Minister of Environment, Dr. Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya, and German Ambassador Heike Uta Dettmann.

The talks aimed to foster dialogue on climate change, sustainability, and joint action.
The first session focused on Rwanda’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, with discussions centred on the financial, technical, and capacity-building reforms needed to achieve Rwanda’s climate goals.

This quarterly series, a collaboration between Rwanda and Germany, was inaugurated by Rwanda’s then Minister of Environment, Dr. Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya, and German Ambassador Heike Uta Dettmann.

Dr. Mujawamariya reaffirmed Rwanda’s strong commitment to global climate targets and emphasized the importance of collaboration between the private sector, youth, and international partners in realizing the nation’s vision of carbon neutrality by 2050.

The talks will continue to provide a platform for actionable solutions, deepening the Rwanda-Germany climate partnership.

Rwanda inaugurates first municipal waste valorization facilities

In June, Rwanda took another significant step towards environmental sustainability with the inauguration of its first municipal waste valorization facilities at the Nduba dumpsite.

This initiative, part of the ‘Waste to Resources Project,’ aims to revolutionize the country’s approach to waste management by transforming waste into valuable resources.

The facilities consist of critical equipment and infrastructure built as part of a collaborative project titled, Waste to Resources Project: Improving Municipal Solid and Hazardous Waste Management in Rwanda.

Funded by Luxembourg’s Ministry of Environment and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the project includes a waste sorting facility capable of processing 100 tons of waste daily, and a bio-waste treatment plant that turns organic waste into fertilizers.

Over the past few years, Rwanda has also implemented household waste sorting programs, awareness campaigns, and reverse vending machines in Kigali to promote recycling.

The waste valorization project not only helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 15,000 tons annually but also creates green jobs, advancing Rwanda’s vision of a zero-waste circular economy by 2035.

Rwanda, Sweden forge climate cooperation

In September, Rwanda strengthened its international climate partnerships by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Sweden.

This agreement focused on implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which allows countries to collaborate on carbon markets and trade carbon credits to achieve more significant emissions reductions.

The MoU set the foundation for Rwanda and Sweden to develop a Bilateral Cooperation Agreement

Rwanda’s Ministry of Environment and the Swedish Energy Agency will work together on capacity building, technical analysis, and the development of work plans to advance both countries’ climate goals.

The collaboration is a testament to Rwanda’s growing role in global climate leadership and Sweden’s commitment to supporting emission reduction efforts in Africa.

Environment Minister Dr. Valentine Uwamariya emphasized that the partnership would help Rwanda meet its NDCs while fostering sustainable development.

Green Climate Fund approves $28 million for Kigali’s green city initiative

Rwanda’s urban sustainability efforts received a boost in October with the announcement of a $28 million grant from the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

The grant will support the Green City Kigali project, which aims to transform Kigali into a model of sustainable urbanization with climate-resilient infrastructure.

The Ministry of Environment affirmed that the Green City project, which is being implemented by the Rwanda Green Fund , will serve as a model for sustainable urbanization, showcasing climate-resilient, low-emission infrastructure development.

As Kigali grows rapidly, nearly 77% of its population lives in informal settlements vulnerable to climate risks such as flooding and landslides.

The Green City initiative seeks to upgrade these settlements, incorporating sustainable solutions to improve climate resilience.

Over the next five years, the project will position Kigali as a regional leader in climate-conscious urban planning, reducing emissions and improving living conditions for residents.
Rwanda unveils AI-powered 'interspecies money’ for gorilla conservation

In November, Rwanda launched an innovative conservation initiative, “Interspecies Money,” aimed at supporting gorilla conservation in Volcanoes National Park.

This AI-powered platform allows tourists to make real-time, symbolic contributions to conservation efforts through digital wallets.

The funds directly support vital activities such as hiring park rangers and protecting gorilla habitats.

The platform also provides income-generating opportunities for local communities, such as wildlife photography and conservation reporting.

Kigali to phase out petrol-powered motorbikes

Rwanda’s push for clean mobility took a significant step forward in November with the announcement of a plan to phase out petrol-powered motorcycles in Kigali by January 2025.

The policy requires all new entrants into the motorcycle taxi business to use electric motorcycles, while existing petrol-powered bikes can continue operating for the time being.
This transition is part of Rwanda’s broader environmental strategy, aimed at reducing air pollution and improving air quality in urban areas.

The policy requires all new entrants into the motorcycle taxi business to use electric motorcycles, while existing petrol-powered bikes can continue operating for the time being.

The country is already investing in the infrastructure needed to support electric vehicles, such as battery swapping stations.

The move reflects Rwanda’s commitment to sustainable transport solutions, and it is expected to reduce carbon emissions while improving air quality in Kigali.

Rwanda leads global call for a treaty to end plastic pollution

Rwanda continued to play a leadership role in global environmental advocacy in November 2024, when it called for a legally binding treaty to address plastic pollution at the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5).

As Co-Chair of the High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution, Rwanda urged nations to adopt a treaty that addresses the entire lifecycle of plastic pollution and promotes sustainable alternatives.

During the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5) Rwanda advocated for a legally binding treaty to address plastic pollution.

The country also advocated for a Multilateral Fund to help developing nations meet the treaty’s obligations, highlighting the disproportionate impact of plastic pollution on vulnerable communities.

Rwanda’s call for a global treaty reflects its long-standing commitment to reducing plastic waste and protecting the environment.

Rwanda’s call for global action on climate change at COP29

At the 2024 UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) held in November, Rwanda joined global leaders in calling for urgent action to combat climate change.

Minister Uwamariya stressed the severe impacts of climate change on Rwanda’s economy, noting that the country is already experiencing extreme weather events such as floods and droughts.

COP29 climate talks ran from 11-22 November 2024 in Azerbaijan.

Rwanda’s commitment to reducing emissions by 38% by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 was reaffirmed, and the country called for a more equitable climate finance framework to support developing nations.

Rwanda also urged high-emitting countries to accelerate emissions reductions and strengthen efforts to build a low-carbon future for all.

Rwandan ranger Claver Ntoyinkima honoured for conservation leadership

In late November, Claver Ntoyinkima, a Senior Ranger Guide at Nyungwe National Park, was awarded the prestigious Tusk Wildlife Ranger Award for his outstanding contributions to primate and bird conservation in Rwanda.

51-year-old Claver Ntoyinkima (left) was born near the Nyungwe National Park which he now protects.

Ntoyinkima’s dedication to protecting Rwanda’s biodiversity has earned him international recognition.

His work includes anti-poaching patrols, primate habituation, and guiding scientific research, as well as founding conservation clubs for local youth.

His award was presented by Prince William at the 2024 Tusk Conservation Awards in London, where he was celebrated for his tireless commitment to wildlife and community conservation.

Théophile Niyitegeka

Huang Xin, deputy dean of the School of International Education at Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, said, 'Talent training programs and teaching plans for the new group of Rwandan students are being perfected based on the feedback from the first group of students.'

Vocational education, as an important bridge to continue the traditional friendship between China and Africa, shoulders the important responsibility of training variety of talents, passing on technical skills, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, and adding youth power to the dream of modernization for China and Africa. At present, China has built the world’s largest vocational education system.

In the system, Luban Workshops shines like a pearl in the international cooperation of China’s vocational education. Currently, more than 30 workshops have been jointly built in Asia, Europe and Africa. And nearly 10,000 students have been trained in academic education and more than 31,000 people received vocational training.

Jinhua’s cooperation with African countries in vocational education is a 'golden card' for China-Africa educational exchanges and cooperation.

On October 7, Rwandan students specializing in e-commerce at Jinhua University of Vocational Technology hosted a livestream sales session in a simulated broadcasting studio.

As the first batch of pilot institutions of 'Future Africa— China-Africa Vocational Education Cooperation Plan' project, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology welcomed the first group of 30 Rwandan students involved in the Future of Africa—Vocational Education Cooperation Plan in April this year. They gained fruitful results during the year in Jinhua.

At Africa Tech Challenge (ATC) Season IX in 2024, MBONIMANA Philimine won the highest score while Tuyihimbaze Israel won the third prize.

In the finals of Industrial Robot Installation and Maintenance Technical Competition Season V(International Group) of the 2024 Belt and Road and BRICS Skills Development and Technological Innovation Competition, Tuyihimbaze Israel, Musengamana Eugene and Iradukunda Abel won the third prize; Umwali Ange Natacha, Ngabonziza Elie and Uwamahoro Alphonsine won the gold medal in the finals of the Finance and Business Circuit (International Group) of the 2024 World Vocational College Skills Competition, while Mbonimana Philimine won the bronze medal in the Equipment Manufacturing circuit (International Group).

Umwali Ange Natacha was also employed as the international communication envoy of Jin Hub and the promotion officer of Jinhua Mountain Cultural Travel, telling the good story of Jinhua to the world.

At present, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology is also preparing the graduation ceremony for these Rwandan students. The students say that they have lived an extremely fulfilling life in Jinhua and hope to become witnesses, beneficiaries, builders as well as story tellers of China-Africa friendship and cooperation.

Umwali Ange Natacha and Hafashimana Patrick say that they will stay in Jinhua after graduation and have signed letters of intent with Zhejiang Wandefu Intelligent Technology Co., LTD. and Jinhua Runxing Technology Co., LTD respectively.

'Most overseas students choose to return to their country after graduation. We have contacted Chinese enterprises in Rwanda through the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Rwanda and the Association of Overseas Chinese in Rwanda, and actively helped them realize their dream of returning to China.'

Qian Xiangming, dean of Musanze International College of Jinhua University of Vocational Technology says. He hopes that Rwandan students will innovate and explore 'small but beautiful' cooperation projects when promoting local economic development, and become a link of business exchanges between Jinhua and Africa.

The first batch of Rwnadan students who studied at Jinhua University of Vocational Technology say that they have lived an extremely fulfilling life in Jinhua and hope to become witnesses, beneficiaries, builders as well as story tellers of China-Africa friendship and cooperation.

In the overseas development of vocational education for Africa, in addition to Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Yiwu Industrial & Commercial College and Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction are highly active as well.

In October 2023, Yiwu Industrial & Commercial College and Morocco Mondiapolis University cooperated in running an overseas branch – Morocco Yiwu Business School, jointly carrying out the training of international trade talents, big data technical talents, and e-commerce talents.

In 2018, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction gave full play to the industrial advantages of national intangible heritage Dongyang wood carving, and cooperated with the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of the Congo to recruit the first batch of international students from the country, becoming the first vocational college in Zhejiang province to recruit international students in the field of arts and crafts.

At the end of March this year, it cooperated with Sassu University of the Republic of the Congo to build the 'China-the Republic of the Congo Silk Road College', carrying out all-round cooperation in running schools around personnel training, skills training and cultural exchanges.

Skills acquired from Jinhua University of Vocational Technology capacitate students to become future innovators.

Xinhua

In its latest directive, the Ministry of Economy declared that all national and foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) employing women would face closure if they failed to comply with the ban.

The directive, shared on social media platform X, warned that noncompliance would lead to the cancellation of an NGO’s operating license. This follows a prior 2021 suspension of Afghan women’s employment in NGOs, citing non-adherence to the Taliban’s interpretation of Islamic dress codes.

The Taliban’s Ministry of Economy, responsible for supervising national and foreign organizations, reaffirmed its stance, stating that women’s work in institutions not under Taliban control must cease.

The ministry warned, 'In case of lack of cooperation, all activities of that institution will be cancelled.'

Since regaining power in August 2021, the Taliban has implemented measures that significantly restrict women’s presence in public life. Girls and women have been barred from post-primary education, public parks, and most forms of employment. The UN has described these actions as 'gender apartheid.'

The new restrictions extend beyond employment. Taliban leader Haibatullah Akhunzada recently issued a decree banning windows in residential buildings that overlook areas where women may sit or work.

The order applies to new and existing structures, requiring property owners to obscure such views using walls, fences, or screens.

A statement from government spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid justified the policy, claiming it would 'remove harm' and prevent 'obscene acts.'

Municipal authorities are tasked with ensuring compliance during construction and renovations.

The Taliban has also prohibited women from singing or reciting poetry in public, with some local broadcasters halting the airing of female voices.

Despite these measures, the Taliban claims to have issued thousands of work permits to women and denies obstructing humanitarian operations.

However, the United Nations has reported increasing restrictions on female aid workers, hindering critical relief efforts. The Taliban insists these actions are in line with Islamic law and necessary to maintain public safety and social norms.

The international community has condemned the Taliban’s policies, with many urging the group to reverse its decisions to allow Afghan women greater participation in society.

Since regaining power in August 2021, the Taliban has implemented measures that significantly restrict women’s presence in public life.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

The partnerships, spanning sectors such as agriculture, climate change, trade, technology, and education, have reinforced Rwanda’s commitment to fostering sustainable development and mutual growth.

While the year witnessed several agreements, this article highlights some of the most impactful ones, underscoring Rwanda’s role as a key player on the global stage.

The year began on a momentous note with the Kingdom of Jordan. On January 7, 2024, Rwanda and Jordan solidified their partnership across various sectors, including agriculture, trade, health, and medical science.

The ceremony, attended by President Paul Kagame and King Abdullah II Ibn Al-Hussein, marked a significant step toward deepening bilateral relations.

The agreements also included a pact to eliminate double taxation, a move aimed at enhancing trade and investment between the two nations.

This collaboration builds upon existing ties and promises to invigorate tourism and agricultural ventures, setting a strong tone for the year ahead.

Later that month, Rwanda turned its focus to global environmental stewardship. On January 21, a key agreement on climate change was signed with Denmark at the picturesque Nyandungu Eco Park.

Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park.

Representing a shared commitment to environmental preservation, this partnership drew on Rwanda’s reputation as a leader in sustainability and Denmark’s expertise in eco-friendly innovation.

Together, the two nations pledged to address climate challenges, advancing Rwanda’s green agenda while strengthening Denmark’s environmental outreach.

In a show of enduring friendship, Rwanda and Belgium inked a bilateral cooperation agreement valued at approximately Rwf131 billion on January 30.

This agreement, covering 2024—2029, strategically channels resources into agriculture, urbanization, health, and public finance management.

As February unfolded, Rwanda joined hands with the European Union to promote sustainable mining practices. The partnership aims to improve mineral supply chains, enhance value addition, and combat illegal mineral trading.

With a focus on eco-friendly mining and technological innovation, this agreement represents a pivotal step toward advancing Rwanda’s mining sector while aligning with global sustainability goals.

The first quarter of the year also witnessed strengthened ties with China. On March 28, Musanze District in Rwanda’s Northern Province entered a Sister Cities Agreement with Jinhua, marking a historic first in Rwanda-China relations.

This partnership was complemented by a five-year educational exchange program between Jinhua Polytechnic and IPRC Musanze.

The initiative, which enables Rwandan students to study both at home and in China, reflects a decade-long relationship rooted in mutual capacity building and knowledge exchange.

The second quarter brought an ambitious collaboration with Mali. From May 25 to 27, the first Joint Permanent Commission meeting between the two countries culminated in 19 agreements across diverse sectors such as health, security, agriculture, and technology.

The first Joint Permanent Commission meeting between the two countries culminated in 19 agreements across diverse sectors such as health, security, agriculture, and technology.

The accords, rooted in shared values of inclusive development, reflect a growing partnership that has steadily evolved since Mali established its embassy in Kigali in 2017.

June saw a renewed focus on innovation with the Kigali Innovation City project. Rwanda and Africa50 signed an agreement to accelerate the implementation of this transformative initiative, which aims to position Kigali as a hub for technological advancement and entrepreneurship.

With 61 hectares of land designated for development, this partnership seeks to attract global investors, fostering a vibrant ecosystem for innovation in Africa.

The momentum continued into August when Rwanda and Egypt signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on transport cooperation.

Held during a bilateral meeting between Rwanda’s Foreign Minister Olivier Nduhungirehe and Egyptian counterpart, Badr Abdelatty, this agreement laid the groundwork for enhanced infrastructure development and connectivity.

The MoU was signed during a bilateral meeting between Rwanda’s Foreign Minister Olivier Nduhungirehe and Egyptian counterpart, Badr Abdelatty

A key moment for Rwanda-Egypt relations came on August 12, 2024, when the two nations finalized a deal concerning the supply of medical equipment and devices for the Rwanda-Egypt Heart Centre.

Also known as the Magdi Yacoub Rwanda-Egypt Heart Care Centre, this facility, under construction in Masaka, Kicukiro District, will play a crucial role in the treatment of heart-related diseases.

The first phase of the facility is expected to become operational in early 2026, a landmark achievement that stems from a Memorandum of Understanding signed in November 2021.

This collaboration highlights the ongoing medical and technological exchange between Rwanda and Egypt and underscores Rwanda’s commitment to improving healthcare for its citizens.

In September, diplomatic relations took centre stage as Rwanda and The Bahamas signed an MoU for mutual visa requirements exemption.

Formalized on the sidelines of the 79th United Nations General Assembly in New York, this agreement symbolized a significant step toward fostering ease of movement and stronger bilateral ties between the two nations.

Rwanda’s commitment to climate change mitigation was further solidified with Sweden in an MoU signed later that month.

Through a partnership aligned with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Rwanda and Sweden pledged to trade carbon credits and support each other’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This initiative showcased Rwanda’s proactive stance on global climate issues while benefiting from Sweden’s expertise in sustainable energy solutions.

The final months of the year were marked by notable agreements with Nigeria, Russia, and Poland.

In early November, Rwanda’s Private Sector Federation and Nigeria’s Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry signed an MoU to boost trade and investment.

The agreement between Rwanda and Nigeria private sector groups was formalized at the 2024 Lagos International Trade Fair.

The collaboration promises to streamline procedures, reduce trade barriers, and explore opportunities in sectors ranging from agriculture to creative industries.

Days later, an agreement with Russia removed visa requirements for diplomatic and service passport holders, reflecting long-standing ties in education, military training, and cultural exchange.

On November 13, Rwanda signed an Air Service Agreement with Poland, heralding the prospect of direct flights between the two countries.

Represented by Ambassador Prof. Anastase Shyaka and Poland’s Secretary of State Lasek Maciej, the deal promises to enhance economic and cultural exchanges, connecting Rwanda to Europe in unprecedented ways.

The agreements, building on those signed in previous years, highlight Rwanda’s strong commitment to driving national growth and strengthening its global partnerships.

IGIHE

In a statement on Sunday, December 29, 2024, the Minister called out the Congolese army over “incompetence” both on the battlefield and in spreading what he described as “mediocre fake news.”

Nduhungirehe’s remarks came after the Congolese army paraded a man, identified as Hakizimana Iradukunda Jean de Dieu, as an RDF soldier allegedly captured in North Kivu during operations on December 21.

“FARDC presents us with a so-called soldier of the RDF who does not know his unit or his commander, and who cannot provide his registration number within the Rwandan army,” Nduhungirehe stated.

He further highlighted inconsistencies in the man’s testimony, particularly his claimed origins from administrative subdivisions—such as “Murenge” and “Kazabi”—which he said exist in the DRC but not in Rwanda.

The Minister noted that Rwanda’s administrative divisions include districts, sectors, cells, and villages, none of which align with the alleged origins of the supposed RDF soldier.

Nduhungirehe also pointed out FARDC’s history of similar allegations. He recalled a February incident when the Congolese army introduced “Ndayambaje Abouba” as an RDF soldier. However, the same individual had previously been presented by FARDC in civilian clothing under suspicious circumstances.

'Clearly, FARDC, failing to be a war machine on the ground, have become a #FakeNews manufacturing plant!' the Minister declared.

RDF Dismisses Allegations

The Minister’s remarks come two days after RDF also dismissed the claims as fake news.

In a video shared by FARDC, the alleged soldier claimed he was born in Ngororero District and had been stationed in the DRC for over a year. The man also alleged the deployment of four RDF divisions to eastern DRC.

Rwanda has consistently denied involvement in the conflict in eastern DRC, where the M23 rebel group has been fighting the Congolese army and allied forces.

Kigali has repeatedly accused FARDC of harbouring and supporting the FDLR, a militia composed of remnants of the perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda.

The Rwandan government asserts that the Congolese leadership’s persistent accusations are attempts to divert attention from internal challenges and failures to address the concerns of their citizens in eastern DRC.

This has resulted in strained diplomatic ties between Rwanda and the DRC, withefforts to resolve the stalemate continuing to encounter obstacles.

Rwanda’s Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister Olivier Nduhungirehe has dismissed recent claims by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC) about capturing a Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) soldier, terming them as a baseless attempt to spread disinformation.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

In the World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2024, Rwanda scored 0.63 points in the overall rule of law ranking, leading the region in key areas such as order and security, absence of corruption, and civil justice. The top score is 1.00, indicating stronger performance.

The index, which assesses the rule of law in countries across the globe, evaluates performance based on eight factors: constraints on government powers, absence of corruption, open government, fundamental rights, order and security, regulatory enforcement, civil justice, and criminal justice.

Rwanda ranked first in order and security with a score of 0.85, outperforming Mauritius and Namibia, which scored 0.75 each. Guinea, Ghana, Madagascar, and Botswana followed at 0.71, with Tanzania, Senegal (0.70 each), and The Gambia (0.69) rounding out the top ten.

The country’s ranking in this category reflects its stable and secure environment, which has been crucial for promoting economic growth and social well-being.

The success is also a direct result of Rwanda’s strategic security partnerships with other nations.

For example, in December 2024, Rwanda’s National Police signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ethiopian Federal Police to enhance cooperation on matters of public security and to counter cross-border threats.

Similarly, Rwanda has forged multiple agreements over the years, including with Qatar (October 2024), Dubai Police (March 2024), and Botswana (January 2024), addressing issues such as terrorism, human trafficking, cybercrime, and organized crime.

Corruption Rates

Rwanda also ranked first in Sub-Saharan Africa for the absence of corruption, with a score of 0.68. The performance demonstrates the Rwandan government’s strong anti-corruption frameworks and commitment to transparency.

Other countries in the top five include Mauritius (0.58), Botswana (0.57), Senegal (0.55) and Namibia (0.52).

In the civil justice category, Rwanda ranked first with a score of 0.66, ahead of Mauritius, which scored 0.62.

In addition to its solid performance in civil justice, Rwanda has also made significant strides in criminal justice, ranking second in the region with a score of 0.56. The performance reflects the country’s commitment to a fair and effective judicial system, providing equitable access to justice for its citizens while tackling criminal activities through well-coordinated law enforcement.

Rwanda was also ranked among the top countries in several other categories, including constraints on government powers, open government, fundamental rights, and regulatory environment, all contributing to its top score of 0.68 in the rule of law.

In the World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2024, Rwanda scored 0.63 points in the overall rule of law ranking, leading the region in key areas such as order and security, absence of corruption, and civil justice.

Wycliffe Nyamasege

During his election campaign two years ago, Ruto criticized the previous administration of President Uhuru Kenyatta for alleged abductions and extrajudicial killings, vowing to end such practices. However, recent events have raised concerns about the fulfilment of the pledge.

Since the Gen-Z-led protests in June, which forced the government to shelve plans to introduce additional taxes, dozens of young people have been reported missing, with human rights groups accusing the police of being behind their disappearances. The police continue to deny these claims.

In the latest wave of abductions, some of which have been captured on camera by witnesses and surveillance footage, at least three young people were recently abducted after sharing AI-generated images of Ruto in a casket that some considered offensive.

Among those abducted is popular cartoonist Kibet Bull, whose real name is Gideon Kibet. His images of the president went viral.

Kibet disappeared after meeting opposition senator Okiya Omtatah on Christmas Eve.

Kibet’s younger brother, Ronny Kiplangat, who has also been missing for several days, is believed by their family to have been used as bait by security forces to lure Kibet.

'(Kibet) boarded a matatu after my driver dropped him off in the city centre. As they have done with others, they must have blocked the matatu and snatched him from it,' said Omtatah, who harbours presidential ambitions for the 2027 elections.

'If you look at the attitude of the police, they know what is happening. The state is simply allowing it or acquiescing to it.”

Like many young Kenyans, Kibet was once an ardent supporter of President Ruto but has, in recent years, become a critic of the government, accusing it of corruption, failing to address unemployment, and not fulfilling its promises to turn around the economy.

Both the National Police Service and the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) have denied abducting or arresting the trio. However, former Deputy President Rigathi Gachagua, who was impeached in October for allegedly sabotaging President Ruto’s administration, insists the government is behind the abductions.

Addressing the press in Nairobi on Friday, Gachagua claimed that the abductions were being carried out by a secret unit, not under the command of the Inspector General of Police.

According to Gachagua, the unit, with officers drawn from various departments, operates from a building in Nairobi’s Central Business District.

'There’s a building in Nairobi, the 21st floor in the city centre, where the unit operates from, led by a certain Mr. Abel. Abel is a cousin to a very senior official in this government,' Gachagua revealed.

The former Deputy President threatened to expose more details about the secret unit if the abducted individuals are not released.

He added that Kenyan citizens are angry with Ruto’s administration, saying, 'Killing our children will not quell the anger of the Kenyan people.'

'Abducting young people is not a solution; you must address the cause of discontent. Why are people aggrieved with this administration?'

A few hours later, President Ruto, accompanied by opposition leader Raila Odinga—whose allies have joined Ruto’s Cabinet in a broad-based government formed after the Gen-Z protests—promised to end the abductions.

Odinga had criticized the state-linked abductions of critics, saying the country cannot tolerate a “gangster state.”

Widely recognized as Kenya’s second liberation hero, Odinga was a victim of the brutal regime of the late President Daniel Arap Moi during the fight for multiparty democracy in the 90s. He warned that allowing the abductions to continue could risk taking the country back to the dark days of “Nyayo Torture Chambers”.

Ruto acknowledged the concerns but also warned the youth to be “disciplined.”

'What has been said about abductions, we will stop them so Kenyan youth can live in peace, but they should have discipline and be polite so that we can build Kenya together,' Ruto said at a stadium in Homa Bay, in the west of the country.

In addition to the abductions of young Kenyans, the abduction of Uganda’s opposition chief Kizza Besigye in Nairobi by Ugandan security agents recently also drew widespread condemnation.

Besigye and his close associate Hajj Obeid Lutale were picked up in Nairobi while attending the launch of a book written by former justice minister Martha Karua and whisked back home, where they were locked up in a military facility before being produced in a martial court.

The duo faces charges of undermining national security and illegal possession of firearms.

Various rights groups and lawyers have criticized Kenya’s complicity in the abductions, saying it tarnishes Kenya’s image as a democratic safe haven. They accuse its authorities of failing to prevent or investigate the incident, thereby jeopardizing regional stability and the rule of law.

Since the Gen-Z-led protests in June, which forced the government to shelve plans to introduce additional taxes, dozens of young people have been reported missing, with human rights groups accusing the police of being behind their disappearances. T

Wycliffe Nyamasege

The Rwandan government confirmed its commitment to host the IVI regional office through Presidential Order No. 091/01, issued on December 26, 2024, and published in the Official Gazette on December 27, 2024.

The agreement to establish the office in Rwanda was initially signed in June by Rwanda’s Minister of Health, Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana, and the Director General of IVI, Dr. Jerome H. Kim, marking a significant step toward advancing vaccine research, development, and manufacturing across the African continent.

The two parties formally ratified the agreement on November 25, 2024, officially confirming Rwanda as the host country for the IVI Africa office.

The agreement includes 21 provisions, including tax exemptions on goods and services such as equipment, vehicles, machinery, and other materials exclusively used by IVI. However, items sold to individuals or businesses will not qualify for tax exemption.

Another key aspect of the agreement is its emphasis on building local capacity for pharmaceutical production, aiming to promote self-reliance in health matters across Africa. This initiative also seeks to improve public health outcomes and foster technological advancements in the sector.

As part of this strategic effort, the IVI Africa Regional Office will play a pivotal role in advancing vaccination initiatives, driving technological innovation, and supporting sustainable vaccine manufacturing in Rwanda and other African countries.

The move comes as a BioNTech vaccine manufacturing plant is also under construction in Rwanda, further cementing the country’s position as a key player in the global vaccine ecosystem.

IVI is a non-profit organization committed to ensuring that vaccines are available and accessible worldwide. It collaborates with governments, research institutions, and the vaccine industry to achieve this mission.

Since its founding in 1997, IVI has been instrumental in developing, testing, and distributing vaccines across the globe.

Rwanda’s selection as the host of IVI’s Africa Regional Office was confirmed in February 2024, following a rigorous evaluation process that reviewed proposals from five countries.

The decision was hailed by both IVI and the Rwandan government as a critical step toward addressing vaccine equity across the continent.

With its global headquarters in Seoul, South Korea, and regional offices in Sweden and Austria, IVI’s new African office represents a significant advancement in its mission to ensure safe and affordable vaccines reach the people who need them most.

The agreement to establish the office in Rwanda was signed Rwanda’s Minister of Health, Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana, and the Director General of IVI, Dr. Jerome H. Kim

Participants at the signing of the cooperation agreement between Rwanda and the International Vaccine Institute.

IGIHE

Jeju Air flight 7C2216, a Boeing 737-800 arriving from Bangkok, crashed during a belly landing after its landing gear malfunctioned, reportedly due to a bird strike.

The crash occurred just after 9 a.m. local time, when the aircraft skidded down the runway, collided with a wall, and erupted into a massive fireball. Video footage captured flames and thick smoke engulfing the plane, with only the tail section remaining somewhat intact.

'Only the tail part retains a little bit of shape, and the rest of the plane looks almost impossible to recognize,' said Muan fire chief Lee Jung-hyun during a press briefing.

The crash occurred just after 9 a.m. local time, when the aircraft skidded down the runway, collided with a wall, and erupted into a massive fireball.

Rescuers managed to save two crew members from the tail section, both suffering from medium to severe injuries. Despite this, authorities have shifted from rescue to recovery operations, as the force of the impact made survival unlikely for others.

'We are searching nearby areas for bodies possibly thrown from the plane,' added Lee.

Preliminary investigations suggest a bird strike may have caused the landing gear to malfunction. One passenger reportedly texted a relative before the crash, saying, 'A bird is stuck in the wing. Should I say my last words?'

The crash is the worst involving a South Korean airline since the 1997 Korean Air disaster in Guam, which killed 229 people.

Acting President Choi Sang-mok visited the scene, pledging full government support for recovery efforts.

Jeju Air expressed deep regret, with CEO Kim Yi-bae stating, 'We will do everything we can to deal with this accident,' while Boeing extended condolences, promising to assist in the investigation.

Authorities are working to identify victims, many of whom are believed to be South Korean nationals, along with two Thai passengers.

Preliminary investigations suggest a bird strike may have caused the landing gear to malfunction.

Wycliffe Nyamasege