Earle, 25, discussed the conflict during the season finale of her family's Netflix reality series, Earle Meets World, which premiered on September 4.
The dispute between the two internet personalities became public earlier this year after Cooper, 32, called out Earle in a TikTok posted in April. Cooper accused Earle of creating 'fake drama' as a distraction from other issues in her life.
At the time, Earle responded briefly but largely stayed quiet about the situation. In the reality show's finale, however, she opened up about what happened and discussed the situation with her family.
Earle said she felt as though Cooper's public comments were an attempt to provoke her into responding. She also admitted that she was 'scared' and 'intimidated' by the Call Her Daddy host.
The tension dates back to Earle's professional relationship with Cooper's Unwell media network.
Earle was among the first creators signed to the company after joining in 2023, while her podcast, Hot Mess, was part of the network.
The podcast left Unwell in March 2025, and Earle said she learned that the professional relationship had ended through media reports.
Looking back, Earle claimed that there had been ongoing problems with Unwell and said her experience with the company was different from what she had expected.
Her father, TJ Earle, also alleged that his daughter did not receive the same production support as some of the other shows under the network.
According to him, Earle did not have adequate resources to film and produce Hot Mess.
Earle said she had admired Cooper before their professional relationship deteriorated.
She described Cooper as someone she had looked up to and hoped would serve as a mentor as she entered the entertainment industry.
Instead, Earle said she eventually felt taken advantage of and manipulated.
The influencer also revisited her January 2025 appearance on Cooper's Call Her Daddy podcast. During the episode, the two participated in a 'Truth or Drink' game that involved alcohol and personal questions.
Earle alleged that she became uncomfortable with some of the sexual questions asked during the recording.
She said she had asked for part of the interview to be removed, but claimed Cooper believed the material was entertaining.
Earle also discussed the impact the interview had on her family because she spoke about her family's complicated history, including the past relationship between her stepmother, Ashley Dupré, and former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer.
Dupré, who is married to Earle's father, said in the episode that she was hurt by the way her past was discussed publicly.
She explained that she had spent years rebuilding her life and working to maintain a positive relationship with her family.
However, Earle's biggest focus remained her relationship with Cooper and how their professional partnership ended.
During the finale, Earle considered sending Cooper a lengthy private message.
In the draft, she accused Cooper of being manipulative and toxic and said she believed the business relationship had involved false promises.
Earle also claimed that Cooper had previously warned her against entering into a public conflict with her.
Despite considering sending the message, it remains unclear whether Earle actually sent it.
The dispute has attracted significant attention because of the two influencers' former professional relationship and Earle's status as one of the major creators associated with the Unwell network.
For now, neither side appears to have publicly resolved the disagreement. PEOPLE reported that it reached out to Cooper for comment.
All eight episodes of Earle Meets World are currently available to stream on Netflix.
Alix Earle has spoken publicly about her fallout with Alex Cooper and their former professional relationship.
In experiments involving mice, the treatment helped damaged brain tissue develop new blood vessels, supported the growth of nerve fibres and improved movement.
The researchers say the approach works partly by creating an environment that encourages the body's own immune cells to participate in the healing process.
Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain.
Emergency treatments can restore circulation and protect brain tissue that has not yet died. However, once brain tissue is permanently damaged, restoring blood flow cannot bring the lost tissue back.
Severe strokes can therefore leave a cavity where healthy brain tissue once existed.
Rehabilitation can help the brain's surviving circuits adapt, but it does not directly rebuild the damaged area.
To address this problem, Duke researchers developed a material known as a microporous annealed particle scaffold, or MAPS.
It is made from tiny hydrogel particles that form a porous structure, creating space where cells can enter and potentially support tissue repair.
The researchers combined the scaffold with extracellular vesicles produced by astrocytes, star-shaped cells found in the brain.
Extracellular vesicles are tiny packages released by cells that carry biological signals, including proteins, lipids and genetic material, which can influence other cells.
Rather than injecting these vesicles alone, the researchers attached them to the surface of the hydrogel particles.
This helped keep the signals concentrated in the damaged area, allowing incoming cells to interact with them.
The scientists found that a combination of two signalling molecules, IL-4 and C1q, was particularly effective at attracting immune cells to the damaged region.
Among the cells recruited were macrophages and neutrophils.
Neutrophils are commonly associated with inflammation and tissue damage during the early stages of stroke, but the study suggests they may have a different role later in recovery when exposed to the appropriate signals and environment.
When researchers reduced the population of neutrophils, the formation of new blood vessels decreased and the scaffold underwent less remodeling.
This suggested that the cells were contributing to the repair process.
The treatment also produced physical improvements in the mice. Researchers observed more axonal fibres in and around the damaged area.
Axons are structures that allow nerve cells to communicate with one another.
The treated mice also performed better on a grid-walking test that measures movement and coordination.
After eight weeks, their performance was statistically similar to that of healthy control mice, and the improvement continued for the rest of the study.
The researchers also tested the extracellular vesicles without the biomaterial scaffold.
The vesicles alone did not produce the same level of blood vessel repair, suggesting that the scaffold itself plays an important role by keeping the biological signals concentrated within the injured area.
Despite the promising results, the treatment is still at an early, preclinical stage.
The experiments so far have been conducted in mice, with the material injected directly into the damaged part of the brain.
More research is needed to determine the treatment's safety, understand how different immune cells contribute to recovery and establish whether the approach can work in larger animals and eventually humans.
The research team is also exploring the use of extracellular vesicles produced by human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes, which could provide a more scalable and clinically relevant source of the therapeutic material.
Duke researchers developed an injectable biomaterial that helped damaged brains regrow blood vessels and improve movement in mice.
The high-profile namers include former football stars, global business leaders, conservation advocates, artists, sports executives and philanthropists, reflecting the international reach of Rwanda's conservation efforts.
Among the prominent figures expected at the ceremony is Shaikha Al Nuwais, Secretary-General of UN Tourism and the first woman to lead the organisation in its 50-year history.
The list also features football legends Mamadou Sakho, whose professional career spanned from 2007 to 2025, and Patrice Evra, who played professionally between 1998 and 2018. Both are former France internationals with distinguished club careers.
Manchester United legend Patrice Evra, who played professionally between 1998 and 2018, is among the high-profile personalities taking part in Kwita Izina 2026.
Sakho, who captained Paris Saint-Germain during his six-year senior spell at the club (2007–2013), went on to play for Liverpool (2013–2017) and Crystal Palace (2017–2021) in the English Premier League. He later had a stint at Montpellier before concluding his career at Georgian side Torpedo Kutaisi. He earned 29 caps for the French national team between 2010 and 2018.
Evra, who earned 81 international appearances for France between 2004 and 2016, served as captain for both his country and Manchester United. During his eight-year tenure at Old Trafford (2006–2014), he won five Premier League titles and the 2008 UEFA Champions League, before later playing for Juventus, Marseille and West Ham United.
Rwanda will also be represented among the namers by gospel singer and songwriter Israel Mbonyi, one of the country's most recognised musical voices.
Mbonyi, who has built a large following in Rwanda and across Africa, joins one of the country's most celebrated conservation traditions as a namer.
Gospel singer Israel Mbonyi has built a large following in Rwanda and across Africa.
The business and investment community will be represented by Eng. Ahmed Sadek, Chairman of Elsewedy Electric, a global energy and infrastructure company that has been involved in Rwanda's electrification efforts.
Global business leader Dominic Barton, Chairman of Rio Tinto and LeapFrog Investments, will also join the ceremony. Barton previously served as Global Managing Partner of McKinsey & Company and as Canada's Ambassador to China.
Miguel Ángel Gil Marín, CEO and majority shareholder of Atlético de Madrid and a member of the UEFA Executive Committee, is another high-profile name on the list.
The hospitality investment sector will be represented by Olivier Granet, Managing Partner and Co-CEO of Kasada Capital Management, a hospitality investment platform and investor in Mövenpick Hotel Kigali.
Sports will also feature prominently among this year's namers.
Francesco Calvo, President of Business Operations at Aston Villa, will join the celebration, alongside global sports executive Paul Danforth, President of CAA Sports and a former Senior Vice President of Sales for the New York Mets.
David Lappartient, President of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), will also return to Rwanda. His participation comes after Rwanda made cycling history in 2025 by hosting the UCI Road World Championships.
David Lappartient, President of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), holds the yellow jersey alongside President Paul Kagame during the historic competitions in Rwanda last year.
Olympic champion Mutaz Essa Barshim of Qatar is another prominent sports figure taking part. A three-time world champion, Barshim is one of the most accomplished high jumpers of his generation and will join Rwanda in celebrating mountain gorilla conservation.
Conservation will also feature prominently among this year's namers.
Jeannette Uwimbabazi, a Nyungwe National Park ranger, has been recognised for her dedication to protecting Rwanda's biodiversity and will take part in the ceremony as a representative of those working on the front lines of conservation.
Kelly O'Meara, Executive Director of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA), is another conservation advocate among the namers. She works to promote primate protection and welfare across Africa.
Neil McDougall, Founder and Chairman of delAgua Group, will also join the 21st Kwita Izina as a namer. He leads efforts to expand access to clean cooking and improve livelihoods across Africa.
The ceremony will also bring together leading voices from wildlife filmmaking. Alastair Fothergill, the award-winning filmmaker behind productions including Planet Earth, Blue Planet and A Gorilla Story: Told by Sir David Attenborough, is among those set to name a gorilla.
Rwandan filmmaker Marie-Clémentine Dusabejambo will also take part. Her film Ben'Imana was selected for the Un Certain Regard section of the 2026 Cannes Film Festival, and she now joins Rwanda's conservation celebration as a namer.
The list extends to personalities using their public platforms to support social causes.
Kenza Johanna Ameloot, Miss Belgium 2024 of Rwandan heritage, is among the namers. She has used her platform to advocate for children affected by cataracts.
Kenza Johanna Ameloot, Miss Belgium 2024 of Rwandan heritage, is among the namers.
Former Aston Villa captain and Wales international James Chester will also take part. Chester helped Aston Villa return to the Premier League and represented Wales at UEFA Euro 2016.
Philanthropy and social impact will be represented by several namers.
Susan Hollern, Founder and President of Hope Haven Rwanda, will join the ceremony. She has worked to advance education and family transformation in Rwanda since 2011.
Philanthropy leader Dominique Plewes, Founder of SOF Support Foundation, will also take part. The foundation supports research and humanitarian initiatives in conflict-affected communities.
Philanthropists Garreth and Nicola Wood will also join the ceremony.
Garreth Wood MBE, a Scottish entrepreneur and philanthropist, chairs The Wood Foundation. Together with his wife, Nicola Wood MBE, he co-founded Kids Operating Room, a global health charity focused on expanding access to safe paediatric surgery in low-resource settings.
Garreth Wood MBE will attend the baby gorilla naming ceremony with his wife, Nicola Wood MBE, who will also take part as a namer.
Their participation adds a global philanthropy dimension to this year's ceremony, which continues to use gorilla conservation as a platform for bringing together people from different sectors and parts of the world.
Kwita Izina has grown into one of Rwanda's most prominent conservation events, drawing international attention to the protection of mountain gorillas and the communities living alongside their habitat.
The 2026 edition will once again bring together personalities whose influence spans sports, tourism, business, conservation, entertainment and philanthropy, with each namer playing a role in celebrating Rwanda's commitment to protecting its iconic mountain gorillas.
According to the Rwanda Development Board's (RDB) 2025 annual performance report, Rwanda's tourism sector generated $685 million in revenue in 2025, nearly four times the $164 million recorded in 2021.
Tourism revenue rose to $455 million in 2022 as the sector recovered from the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, before reaching $620 million in 2023 and $647 million in 2024.
In 2025, tourism revenue increased by 6% compared with the previous year, supported by growth in visitor numbers and air travel. Revenue from air travel rose by 9% to $594 million.
Gorilla tourism accounted for a significant share of those earnings, generating $248 million in 2025, an increase of 7%.
Rwanda received 1.49 million visitors during the year, up from 1.36 million in 2024, representing a 9% increase. Visitors arriving by air increased by 23%.
The growth illustrates how the conservation of a species once considered highly vulnerable has become closely intertwined with Rwanda's tourism ambitions.
Bringing tourism benefits to communities
Rwanda has also sought to ensure that the economic value created by conservation reaches communities living near national parks.
Through its tourism revenue-sharing programme, 10% of tourism revenues is allocated to communities living around protected areas.
The funds are invested in projects such as schools, health centres, water infrastructure and other community facilities.
RDB says more than Rwf23 billion has been invested in nearly 1,300 community projects since the programme began.
The initiative, supported by The Rockefeller Foundation and implemented with partners including Vanguard Economics and the World Food Programme (WFP), seeks to replace refined maize flour with fortified whole-grain alternatives in school meals.
Diane Dusabeyezu, Consultant and Programme Manager at Vanguard Economics, said the initiative is being implemented as part of broader efforts to strengthen regenerative school meals and improve nutrition among children.
Speaking to IGIHE during the Africa Food Systems Forum (AFSF) in Kigali, Dusabeyezu explained that the approach goes beyond simply changing what is placed on children's plates.
'It's an entire value chain actor in the initiative program with whom we are engaging in running this project in Rwanda,' she said.
The initiative works with farmers, millers, premix companies, government institutions and other stakeholders to ensure the product can be produced, supplied and accepted at scale.
From farmers to schoolchildren
Dusabeyezu noted that Vanguard Economics has supported food processors through training on fortified whole grain production, access to quality inputs and premix, as well as efforts to ensure millers have the necessary certification to supply school feeding programmes.
Farmers are also being trained and supported with access to appropriate inputs and assistance in developing business cases to help them secure financing.
'We have been providing training to farmers. We have been supporting them in getting the right inputs. We have also been supporting them in writing a business case to get the financial support they need,' she said.
The initiative also involves engagement with Rwanda's Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources and Ministry of Education, as well as private-sector companies and development partners.
Dusabeyezu stressed that such collaboration is important because introducing a new food product requires awareness and acceptance among the different actors who will ultimately be involved in its production and consumption.
The Rockefeller Foundation describes this broader approach as 'regenerative school meals', which connects local farmers with public school procurement systems to improve children's nutrition while strengthening local economies and food systems.
The broader approach was also showcased through Solid Africa, a Rockefeller Foundation grantee working to improve nutrition through school meals and stronger local food systems. During a field visit in Kigali, participants visited Solid Africa's model, which includes a kitchen garden, nutrition education and a centralised kitchen supplying meals to schoolchildren.
Diane Dusabeyezu, Consultant and Programme Manager at Vanguard Economics, said the initiative is being implemented as part of broader efforts to strengthen regenerative school meals and improve nutrition among children.
Why whole grain?
Unlike refined maize flour, fortified whole grain flour uses the entire grain, including the bran and germ, which contain important nutrients.
The Rockefeller Foundation says fortified whole grain foods can provide substantially more nutrition than refined alternatives, while the Rwanda pilot found that the product could be produced at the same cost as refined maize flour.
Rwanda's school feeding guidelines also identify fortified maize flour or whole grain meal as an important source of micronutrients in school meals.
The initiative was initially piloted in 18 schools in Rwanda. According to WFP, more than 13,500 children were reached during the initial phase, with 73% of children demonstrating awareness of the nutritional benefits of fortified whole grains and 97% preferring the whole grain product to its refined equivalent.
The programme subsequently expanded, with the Rockefeller Foundation reporting that nearly 74,000 students in 81 schools had been reached in Rwanda by January 2023.
Testing before scaling
Dusabeyezu recalled that the project spent time developing and testing the product before expanding its reach.
'We did consumer research because you need to do a testing of the product. You need to take it to the household. They test, then you improve the quality, the texture, the colour,' she said.
The initiative also worked with early childhood development centres and conducted pilots to establish whether children would accept the product.
She pointed to the experience as evidence that programmes seeking to achieve lasting impact should involve government, private-sector players and food processors from the beginning.
'When the pilot is successful, it's easy to scale up,' she said.
The initiative is being expanded through a phased approach, with the long-term ambition of reaching more than 3 million schoolchildren across Rwanda.
Rwanda's experience has already attracted interest beyond the initial pilot. A 2024 initiative involving the National Industrial Research and Development Agency (NIRDA) and Vanguard Economics sought to increase the capacity of local maize millers to produce fortified whole grain maize flour, including through technical assessments, plant upgrades and training.
Unlike refined maize flour, fortified whole grain flour uses the entire grain, including the bran and germ, which contain important nutrients.
Government ownership key to sustainability
For Dusabeyezu, one of the most important lessons from the project is the importance of government ownership.
She argued that initiatives are more likely to become sustainable when they are integrated into existing government policies and programmes rather than operating as separate projects.
'The key, very important point is really the government ownership,' she said.
The fortified whole grain initiative is being implemented within Rwanda's existing school feeding system, rather than creating a separate programme.
Rwanda formally launched its National School Feeding Programme in October 2021, while its school feeding policy provides for nutritious meals for children in pre-primary, primary and secondary schools.
Dusabeyezu said Rwanda's adoption of universal school feeding provides an experience that other African countries could study and potentially adapt to their own circumstances.
Measuring acceptance and future nutrition impact
At its current stage, the initiative is primarily tracking product acceptance, certification of millers and the quality of premix used in production.
Baseline and endline surveys are being conducted among schoolchildren to assess acceptance of the fortified whole grain product.
Dusabeyezu indicated that the longer-term objective is to track the nutritional impact on children as the initiative expands.
The broader approach is consistent with the Rockefeller Foundation's school meals strategy, which seeks to use school feeding not only to address child nutrition but also to strengthen local food systems and create markets for farmers.
A model for other African countries
Dusabeyezu said the Africa Food Systems Forum provides an opportunity for countries to share experiences and identify approaches that can be adapted to different national contexts.
She pointed to Rwanda's universal school feeding system, local sourcing and the involvement of farmers and food processors as some of the experiences that other countries could examine.
'The delegates that will attend the forum will learn from what is already being implemented in Rwanda,' she said, adding that they could take lessons from the country's experience and consider how to replicate them in their own contexts.
The 20th Africa Food Systems Forum is being held in Kigali through September 4, 2026, bringing together more than 5,000 delegates from over 50 countries to discuss investment, nutrition, food security, climate resilience, youth, technology and intra-African trade.
The Rwanda initiative forms part of a broader effort by The Rockefeller Foundation to strengthen school meal programmes globally. In 2025, the Foundation committed $100 million over five years to support efforts to provide more nutritious school meals to 100 million children worldwide, with a focus on locally and regeneratively grown food.
For Rwanda, the fortified whole grain initiative represents an attempt to make school meals serve a broader purpose: improving children's diets while creating demand for locally produced food, strengthening value chains and demonstrating how public food programmes can support wider food-system transformation.
Researchers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign reviewed 18 randomized controlled trials examining positive psychology and mindfulness programmes designed to improve mental and physical health.
The programmes included activities such as mindfulness exercises, gratitude journaling, optimism training and motivational sessions.
The studies involved adults who already had an increased risk of cardiovascular problems, including people with uncontrolled high blood pressure and heart failure.
Most programmes lasted between six and 12 weeks and combined regular sessions with activities participants completed at home.
The researchers found that programmes involving frequent practice and regular reinforcement produced the most consistent improvements in cardiovascular health.
In some groups, eight weeks of mindfulness-based programmes were associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure and inflammation.
One 12-week digital programme based on spirituality recorded a reduction of 7.6 points in systolic blood pressure measured with a standard cuff.
The research also showed that some programmes encouraged healthier behaviours.
An eight-week WhatsApp-based programme combined weekly sessions with daily activities designed to encourage participants to exercise more, improve their diets and take their medications as prescribed.
Another programme using motivational interviewing increased participants' physical activity by about 1,800 steps per day while also improving medication adherence.
Researchers said the benefits appeared strongest when participants practised these techniques daily and received weekly reinforcement over an eight to 12-week period.
However, they noted that continued support may be necessary to maintain behavioural changes over the longer term.
The findings highlight a growing connection between psychological well-being and cardiovascular health.
Previous research has linked characteristics such as optimism, gratitude and positive emotions with healthier hearts.
Rosalba Hernandez, who led the research team, said the findings suggest that positive psychology approaches could become an additional tool for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
Researchers also emphasized the importance of addressing mental and behavioural health as part of heart care.
They suggested that routine screening and access to behavioural interventions could help improve cardiovascular health.
The study does not suggest that mindfulness or positive thinking should replace medical treatment.
Instead, researchers see these practices as potential additions to existing approaches for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.
The findings provide further evidence that mental well-being and physical health are closely connected.
Simple practices such as mindfulness, gratitude and optimism could offer an accessible way to support heart health, particularly when they are practiced consistently and combined with healthy lifestyle changes.
Researchers found that mindfulness, gratitude and optimism programmes may improve blood pressure and other measures of cardiovascular health within eight to 12 weeks.
Rowland, 45, shared the advice in a new interview with Rolling Stone published on September 2, drawing from her own experience as a member of Destiny's Child and the pressures that come with working in the music industry.
'In an industry as fast-paced as music, where there are constantly eyes on you and pressure to keep rising, your health is one of the most sacred things you have,' Rowland said.
She added that her experience with Destiny's Child taught her that artists can remain committed to their fans and groups while also paying attention to their individual needs.
'My advice to the KATSEYE girls would be to listen to themselves, be kind to themselves, and continue supporting one another through every season,' she said.
Rowland also stressed the importance of creating time for rest, particularly while touring.
'Especially on tour, it's so important to intentionally carve out time to rest and reset in their daily routines,' she said. 'Taking care of your mind and body is what allows you to bounce back, stay resilient, and keep doing what you love.'
Her comments come as KATSEYE has experienced significant changes to its six-member lineup.
Manon Bannerman was the first member to step away from group activities. In February, the group announced that the 24-year-old singer would take a temporary hiatus to focus on her health and wellbeing.
KATSEYE said at the time that the members fully supported her decision.
In August, 23-year-old Sophia Laforteza also announced that she would temporarily step back from the group to focus on her mental health and wellness.
The departures have left Daniela Avanzini, Lara Raj, Megan Skiendiel and Yoonchae Jeung continuing activities as the remaining active members, while publicly expressing their support for Bannerman and Laforteza.
Raj previously said that prioritizing the members' wellbeing was important to KATSEYE and that the group stood firmly behind both members.
KATSEYE was formed through the 2023 reality competition series The Debut: Dream Academy, a collaboration between HYBE and Geffen Records.
The group's journey was later documented in the Netflix series Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE.
The group officially began its music career in 2024 and has since built an international following with its multicultural lineup and pop sound.
Rowland's comments also carry particular weight because she experienced major lineup changes during her years with Destiny's Child.
The group initially featured Rowland alongside Beyoncé, LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson.
Luckett and Roberson later left the group and were replaced by Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin, with Franklin eventually departing as well.
Despite those changes, Destiny's Child went on to become one of the most successful girl groups in music history.
For KATSEYE, Rowland's message comes at a time when the group is balancing growing international success with the personal demands of life in the spotlight.
Kelly Rowland has urged KATSEYE members to prioritize their wellbeing amid lineup changes
Speaking during a presidential conversation with young entrepreneurs at the Africa Food Systems Forum 2026 in Kigali on Thursday, President Kagame said financial systems across the continent are often structured in ways that make capital more accessible to people who already have the resources and collateral required to secure financing.
'Unfortunately, a number of parts of financial systems on our continent are framed in such a way that they mostly avail capital to those who have collateral,' Kagame noted.
He argued that governments have a role to play in reducing the risks faced by financial institutions when lending to young entrepreneurs who may have viable businesses but lack sufficient collateral.
Kagame pointed to Rwanda's experience with development financing as an example of how public resources can help make capital available to groups that would otherwise struggle to access it.
According to the President, the government and its partners had put resources into a development fund aimed at ensuring capital reaches a wider section of the population, particularly young people who cannot easily afford financing.
The President was responding to a question from Mussa Mishamo, a 34-year-old agricultural engineer and founder of Rada360 from Tanzania, who told him that young Africans have brilliant ideas and innovations in agriculture but often lack access to capital and collateral.
Mishamo explained that Rada360 maps farms and uses digital solutions to monitor farmers from planting to harvesting, including crop health and climate shocks such as flooding, drought and wildfires. The company also provides traceability services to help farmers meet emerging market requirements.
He asked what should change in Africa's existing financial institutions to enable them to take greater risks on young entrepreneurs.
In response, Kagame linked the issue to the broader responsibility of governments to create an environment in which young people can turn their capabilities and ideas into businesses.
Earlier in the conversation, Fareeda Mustapha, co-founder and CEO of PureLube Ghana, asked Kagame what governments must do differently to make agri-food systems a major engine of job creation.
Kagame stressed that governments must find ways to support people who have the capacity and desire to contribute to the economy but lack some of the resources needed to do so.
He also highlighted the breadth of opportunities available across Africa's food economy, urging young entrepreneurs to look beyond farming itself and consider gaps in areas such as logistics, technology, irrigation, storage and markets.
'If we had the opportunity to think about that now, there is actually a whole long chain of things you can think about,' Kagame remarked.
The President encouraged young entrepreneurs to identify opportunities that match their passions and skills, while recognising that Africa's food system extends from the farm through communities and national markets to international markets.
The conversation also focused on leadership, with Lydia Murekatete, co-founder of Rwanda-based All Greens, asking Kagame what lesson from Rwanda's transformation young African leaders and entrepreneurs should carry with them.
Kagame stressed that leadership ultimately requires action, rather than simply ideas or inspiration.
He advised young people to begin by examining themselves before attempting to solve problems around them, saying self-reflection can help entrepreneurs identify and prioritise the challenges they are best positioned to address.
'Before you set out to go and address problems out there, think about yourself first,' the Head of State advised.
Murekatete said All Greens grows vegetables in climate-controlled greenhouses and distributes them through company-owned stores and direct business-to-business supply channels. She added that the company has provided market access to more than 200 farmers.
The presidential conversation brought together young entrepreneurs from across Africa and formed part of the weeklong Africa Food Systems Forum 2026, which closes on Friday, September 4, in Kigali.
The forum has brought together more than 5,000 delegates from 50 countries, including government leaders and policymakers; investors and financial institutions; farmers and smallholder representatives; scientists and researchers; youth entrepreneurs and innovators; private-sector executives and business leaders; civil society organisations; and academia.
The broader forum has focused on accelerating the transformation of Africa's food systems, with discussions around investment, innovation, climate resilience, trade, technology and the role of young people in creating jobs and transforming agricultural economies.
In a video message to the forum, United Nations Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed also called for greater investment in Africa's food systems, including responsible private investment and affordable finance for smallholder farmers and small businesses.
She highlighted that the African Continental Free Trade Area offers an opportunity to strengthen regional value chains, expand intra-African trade and create more jobs on the continent.
President Paul Kagame spoke during a presidential conversation with young entrepreneurs at the Africa Food Systems Forum 2026 in Kigali on Thursday, President Kagame said financial systems across the continent are often structured in ways that make capital more accessible to people who already have the resources and collateral required to secure financing.
Nshimiyimana Augustin, formerly known as 'Colonel Bora Manasse' while serving in the FDLR, said the group has senior military and political leadership structures extending down to lower levels that resemble provincial administrations.
Col Bora said the military wing, known as FDLR/FOCA, is led by Ntawunguka Pacifique, also known as General Omega, who is deputized by Uzabakiriho Cyprien, known as Kolomboka.
He explained that FDLR/FOCA has departments responsible for personnel, known as J1; intelligence, J2; operations, J3; logistics, J4; and planning, J5.
'J1 is led by Emile Ruterimbere, J2 by Uwimbabazi Sebastien, commonly known as Kimenyi, J3 by Nzabanita Lucien, J4 by Gaterura, and J5 by Nouvelle. That is how it is structured at the headquarters.'
How FDLR organises its military operations
Col Bora explained that the FDLR has different groups of fighters deployed across various parts of eastern DRC.
He said some of its units are based in Kalehe and other parts of South Kivu, as well as in Virunga National Park and the Pinga area of Walikale Territory.
The FDLR also has a special combat unit known as CRAP, which, according to Col Bora, is led by Guillaume Rurakabije.
He said the group also has lower-level structures known as sub-sectors, including those referred to as Canaan and Sinai. One is led by Gustave Omega, while the other is led by Gustave Kubwayo, also known as Sirkoof.
Col Bora further explained that the FDLR established a special structure responsible for recruiting and enrolling new fighters, known as Groupement des Écoles.
According to him, the structure is responsible for recruiting fighters among Rwandan refugees living in the DRC, their descendants and Congolese nationals.
However, he said the structure is no longer operating effectively as it once did because areas where it operated have come under attacks by AFC/M23.
'These days, M23 is firing in those areas, so it is no longer operating, but it is still there. It is called Groupement des Écoles, and it is responsible for recruiting soldiers to strengthen the group,' he said.
FDLR's political leadership
In addition to its military structures, Col Bora said the FDLR also has a political leadership that oversees the group's activities more broadly.
At the political level, the FDLR is headed by President Byiringiro Victor, also known as Gaston Iyamuremye or Rumuri.
The political leadership also includes Commissioner Busogo, who is responsible for military affairs; Rukorera, who oversees mobilisation; and Cure Ngoma, who is responsible for intelligence and serves as the group's spokesperson.
There is also a special military adviser, Colonel Binego, while Mihigo Cyrille, known as Henganze, is responsible for military and civilian intelligence.
Binego previously served as the burgomaster of Satinsyi Commune in the former Gisenyi Prefecture.
Col Bora said FDLR's lower-level structures include what he called 'Regional Committee', which he compared to provincial administrative structures.
'I would compare them to a governor who is responsible for knowing the problems of refugees at the grassroots level, preparing reports and sending them to the commission responsible for refugees or to Rumuri. Issues they cannot resolve are sent to Kinshasa,' he said.
The FDLR has operated in eastern DRC for decades and has been accused of contributing to insecurity in the region.
The group was formed by Interahamwe militia members and former soldiers and political officials who were involved in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and fled to the DRC.
Brig Gen Ezechiel Gakwerere (front) was arrested in 2025 while serving as the FDLR Secretary General.Col Bora Manasse explained that the FDLR is organised along both military and political lines.
